The journal Ius et tribunalis aims to disseminate legal research to the interested public in the local, national and international community. The content of the journal is interdisciplinary, original articles written by professionals with approaches socio-legal and other specialties of law. Ius et tribunalis is an open access scientific journal, it has no article processing charges APC´s. Receives manuscripts in Spanish and English languages, its edition is digital, it applies the continuous publication model, a single annual issue is published and its peer evaluation system is developed in a double-blind peer review modality. ISSN: 2519-0660 (ISSN-L): 2518-4067
Derecho de Asociación en Venezuela y Ecuador: Breve Excursus Comparativo con España
El presente artículo científico pretende exponer el régimen constitucional del derecho de asociación en Venezuela y Ecuador, pasando previamente por la experiencia española, en vista de la conexión histórica, política y lingüística, mediante la utilización del método dogmático-comparativo, a los fines de exponer las particularidades del mencionado derecho civil de cada Constitución. Se descubrió, que la Constitución española posee una regulación más trabajada en comparación a Venezuela y Ecuador, pues España trabaja más el derecho a nivel macro; mientras Venezuela y Ecuador van más a las asociaciones especiales. El Derecho de asociación tiene más garantías en España que en Latinoamérica.
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Desafíos legales para la implementación de las licencias humanitarias
Las licencias obligatorias son un instrumento previsto en los tratados internacionales y las leyes nacionales que tienen por objeto, en determinadas circunstancias, hacer uso de productos o procedimientos protegidos por el derecho de patentes sin consentimiento del titular. Hasta el año 2005 sólo podían ser utilizadas por aquellos países que poseían infraestructura de producción ya que las normas internacionales y las nacionales disponían que las licencias obligatorias sólo podían otorgarse para producción y provisión en el país en el que se la declarara. A partir del año 2017, con la modificación del Acuerdo sobre los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados al Comercio, es posible introducir en las legislaciones nacionales la figura de la llamada “licencia humanitaria”, que permite exportar o importar los productos fabricados bajo este tipo de licencias. Este artículo revisa la normativa internacional, presenta lo requisitos legales para hacer uso de las licencias humanitarias y plantea los desafíos de implementar la licencia humanitaria a nivel nacional.
Aplicación de pena efectiva o convertida: Análisis en violencia contra la mujer o integrantes del grupo familiar
El objeto del presente artículo es establecer posturas para la aplicación de la pena privativa de libertad efectiva o su conversión a jornada de servicio comunitario para condenados por delito de violencia contra la mujer e integrantes del grupo familiar; se utilizó el método de investigación cualitativo por la naturaleza del objeto de investigación; de los artículos revisados ha sido la existencia dos tendencias: La primera bajó un criterio positivista señala que la pena debe aplicarse conforme lo señala el código penal. La segunda postura que la pena privativa de libertad efectiva dispuesta por el Código Penal, al ser excesiva y no guardar concordancia entre la lesividad del delito y la sanción impuesta por el estado, se puede aplicar la conversión de pena con lo cual se cumpliría la concepción normativa de imponer una pena y que su conversión evite el rigor carcelario; el resultado es que la pena privativa de libertad efectiva para este delito devendría en excesivo e incumple la finalidad de la pena. La consecuencia política de esta norma ha sido escrita de la misma pues en su mayoría de casos no se cumple pena efectiva, se sugiere abrogar este segmento del artículo 57 del código penal.
Los procesos judiciales en materia civil que se resuelven en nuestro sistema judicial, resultan muy importantes para nuestra sociedad, debido a que permite obtener una respuesta para los diversos casos que se tramitan por esta vía, caracterizándose para su resolución en base a los criterios jurídicos de los Jueces, con respaldo en las normas, en los principios generales del derecho, así como en la máxime de la experiencia; evidentemente, ello se realiza con la finalidad de brindar tutela jurisdiccional efectiva a través de un debido proceso. Sin embargo, esta finalidad se ha visto limitada en ciertos casos, debido a los problemas que están presentes en nuestro sistema judicial, como son las excesivas cargas procesales, dilataciones innecesarias por partes de algunos abogados litigantes, problemas en las notificaciones, entre otros. Producto de ello, muchas pretensiones no han sido resueltas oportunamente dentro del respectivo lapso de tiempo, resultando ser más perjudicial para los casos judiciales que tramitan las personas de la tercera edad, considerados en situación de vulnerabilidad debido a su misma condición, generando que la tutela ordinaria no sea adecuada, oportuna y efectiva. Por ello, a pesar de que existen diferentes tipos de tutelas diferenciadas, reguladas en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, para mitigar los problemas negativos que han surgido, consideramos importante incorporar una tutela diferenciada, dedicada a solucionar el daño irreversible que se pueda ocasionar por la demora procesal en los casos de alimentos y arrendamiento, que perjudican a los adultos mayores, en pobreza y extrema pobreza, teniendo en cuenta el trato diferenciado justificado. Por tal razón, la finalidad del presente artículo, es desarrollar la tutela reforzada, como una nueva propuesta de tutela diferenciada, para salvaguardar el derecho al acceso a la justicia, así como los demás derechos fundamentales de dicha población.
La precariedad laboral agravada por condiciones de género en comunidades de especial protección constitucional
La presente investigación aborda un estudio concreto de las poblaciones socialmente marginadas, como la LGBTI, los indígenas y los afrodescendientes, en el marco de la precariedad laboral. Ello se hace por medio de un enfoque cualitativo con método inductivo, desde las categorías específicas, que permiten arribar a conclusiones generales. En virtud de ello, se logró determinar que las luchas hegemónicas por lograr la igualdad de género aún persisten por medio de colectivos sociales, para el fortalecimiento de prácticas inclusivas e incluyentes, con base en una construcción normativa más sólida.
Israel y Palestina: las reglas ultrajadas de la guerra
Entre los crímenes internacionales figuran los crímenes de guerra, los crímenes de lesa humanidad, y el genocidio. Comprender su significado es una labor tan importante como desafiante, dado que las deliberaciones sobre el reciente e histórico repunte del conflicto Israel/Palestina emerge en medio de complejos debates sobre la guerra y los límites de la violencia. Este artículo busca recobrar la visibilidad del cuerpo jurídico internacional que regula la guerra y que en el debate público tiende a ser tratado en segundo plano. Se identifican 6 áreas de disputa jurídico-política con relevancia para el derecho internacional y la transformación del conflicto en cuestión.
La política exterior del MERCOSUR y las relaciones con terceros bloques y Estados
El presente trabajo analiza el diseño jurídico-institucional del Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) y su articulación práctica en la formación de la política exterior del bloque. Posteriormente, se examinan las actuales negociaciones en curso y los desafíos que depara el futuro, en las que el autor ofrece alternativas que permiten superar las dificultades del sistema vigente.
Jerarquías epistémicas y Derecho: una revisión crítica de la praxis científica a partir de nuestras instituciones jurídicas
El presente trabajo pretende probar que el Derecho, en tanto dispositivo normativo instituido en torno de la necesaria consideración de las razones de la alteridad, resulta ser epistémicamente más provechoso y conducente para la preservación de valores como la imparcialidad que terceras otras disciplinas o campos de producción del conocimiento. Tal condición resultaría predicable incluso cuando tales campos o disciplinas del conocimiento se estructurasen, al menos idealmente, en función de presupuestos metodológicos como la debida consideración de las tesis y representaciones de la realidad de aquellos grupos que no comulgan con el logos hegemónico.
El Indulto humanitario al expresidente Alberto Fujimori y el derecho a la vida: Caso Barrios Altos
Uno de los casos emblemáticos de crímenes de lesa humanidad, cometidos bajo el mando del expresidente Alberto Fujimori fue el conocido como la “matanza de Barrios Altos”, ejecutado por el grupo militar “Colina” delito por el que fue condenado a 25 años de cárcel. No obstante, el exmandatario recientemente ha recobrado su libertad mediante la concesión del indulto presidencial humanitario, alegando la continua amenaza a su derecho a la vida e integridad física. En el presente trabajo, se analiza las solicitudes de indulto efectuadas por su defensa, el pronunciamiento de la CIDH y en la decisión final del Tribunal Constitucional.
The Violation of the Right to a Fair and Dignified Pension: TheCase of the Unemployed and Retired of the 19990 Law in Peru
This article is based on two fundamental ideas: the right to a fair and dignified pension, and the violation of this right in the case of unemployed and retired from the 19990 law in Peru. He talks about the current situation of retirees and unemployed from Decree Law 19990 in Peru, in terms of the perception of a fair and dignified remuneration from a legal perspective. Likewise, the article proposes possible solutions or improvements to guarantee a fair and dignified pension. In general, the article addresses an important and relevant issue for society, raising the need to guarantee a fair and dignified pension for workers who have contributed to the pension system throughout their working lives. In the same way, the implications of this situation in the lives of the unemployed and retired affected are pointed out. Finally, some possible alternatives to solve this problem are explored, including legislative and public policy reform to guarantee the right to a fair and dignified pension for the unemployed and retired from the 19990 law in Peru.
The Role of The Lawyer in Public Works Contracts
Over the years, the need to regulate business, economic and administrative relations has allowed the field of action of the professional career of law to diversify; Currently, more and more lawyers choose to specialize in other branches of law other than the civil or criminal sphere, favoring a specialization in construction, consumer or business law. Thus, the author, based on his experience acquired in the exercise of the profession as a lawyer specializing in State contracting, explains how professional practice is related to the process of contracting a public work.
Constitutional Labor Principles of Labor Law: Constitutional-Labor Perspective
The author carries out an explanatory investigation on the Labor-Constitutional Principles recognized in Peruvian legislation, which provide a protectionist labor regulatory framework for workers as the weakest or most vulnerable party in an employment relationship, its application being essential in the creation and modification of social and labor standards.
Peruvian Constitutional Rights, a Parenthesis to Justice,Protection and Praxis
This research article proposes a guarantee approach, exposing Peruvian constitutional rights, giving a scope to the study of human dignity, without discriminating against any right, whether written or passed by the constitutional court (rights not listed), according to In the same way, the analysis of constitutional justice, the unleashing of the popular debate of what was requested, what was interpreted and what was sentenced, is the criterial idealism of what should or should not be recognized as a violation, our country continues to fall into the questioning of who is right regarding the safeguarding of rights, if they are the conservative thinkers or the new progressive scholars, the truth is that everything is related to the constitutional parameters that are the basis of all research in this matter, constitutional history, application and procedure Under the current regulations and the jurisprudence drawn up under the order of its magistrates, everything exposed attends to a set of principles and premises that make this country a state of law, the primacy of its constitution and the function of its executors.
The Guarantee of Presumption of Innocence and ParallelTrials: Regarding the case Los Babies de Oquendo
The relationship between the media and the criminal justice system has generated the emergence of a fully verifiable social phenomenon called parallel trials, which in recent years in the country have generated much concern in a certain sector of the academy. Since the immediate effect of these trials has brought harmful consequences for the criminal process, given that the information that is broadcast through television screens is biased, since only part of the facts under investigation count and the other part hides, which is why, through said information, public opinion is manipulated and, most worryingly, magistrates are influenced so that they issue a resolution in accordance with the parameters established in the media, thus breaking the presumption of innocence and due process guarantees. Said effect is detrimental to the justice system since judges and prosecutors, as justice operators, are the first to be called upon to respect and guarantee the fundamental rights of the defendants, however, they work protected by information that is broadcast in these media, worse Even when these same officials go out to provide interviews in violation of the provisions of the Preliminary Title of the Criminal Procedure Code, article 2, second paragraph, and article 324 of the reservation of the investigation, since they use the media space to present the acts of investigation carried out in the framework of the process and the limiting measures requested from the judiciary, turning the television set into a space where media justice is done, and where others, known as criminals, are judged with mere suspicions, presumptions and conjectures. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze one of the most notorious cases in the Constitutional Province of Callao, a space used by the media as a source of criminal news, where the legal situation of citizen Cesar was decided through parallel trials. Augusto Muñoz Gamarra popularly known as «sweet potato», linked to the case known as the «Babys de Oquendo» who was attributed to be the heir of the Cholo Jacinto, who after almost 5 years of investigation and after having been subjected to a trial orally, he was acquitted for the crimes postulated by the representative of the Public Ministry, despite the fact that, according to public opinion, he had already been sentenced.
Hiring Pre-Professionals or Professionals as Landlords ofServices in the Public Sector: Analysis of the Prohibition ofDouble Income Collection in Peru
The objective of this article is to address a problem that arises in the workplace, which refers to the determination of whether pre-professional or professional practitioners, who are carrying out their practices, are subject to the prohibition of the double perception of income from the State when simultaneously subscribing service lease contracts at the same time.
The protection of fundamental rights is a purpose that is achieved through the appropriate use of the different procedural tools provided by the legislator, both in the judicial and constitutional spheres, without excluding, of course, those instruments of an administrative nature. This issue will identify the analysis of the suitability of such tools and instruments to achieve the stated purpose, whether in the field of criminal, labor, constitutional, public contracting and pension law, with an approach from the main sources of law. To that extent, the doctrinal, legislative and jurisprudential view of efficiency in achieving the protection of the right on the powers that allow any human being to live with dignity in the contexts that are the object of study is made available to the reader.
The Road towards the World Congress for the Rights ofChildren and Adolescents from the University
This work presents the memories of the «Pre World Congress for the Rights of Children and Adolescents - Junín 2021», organized by the professors of the Faculty of Law of the Continental University, on the way to the «IX World Congress for the Rights of Children and Adolescents». Adolescence – Córdoba, Argentina, 2022».
The «Obvious» Nullity of the Marriage Resolved by the Judgein Family Procedural Law
The autor invites us to reflect on an institution emerged in civil law and provided for in article 275 of the civil code, the «notorious» nullity of the marriage warned ex officio and resolved by the Judge in a process. In a didactic way, through a particular case, it introduces us to the judicial problem. There is no doubt that the topic is current, being useful for anyone who approaches family procedural law.
The Defects of the State in the Care of Family Violence
Official statistics on femicides and family violence make it possible to question the validity and effectiveness of public policies due to the scarce analysis of the Peruvian social reality by the State. A defect that does not manage to systematize the legislation and does not allow the improvement of casuistry evaluation criteria in the judicial field due to the bias of the gender perspective that limits all evaluation to the context of violence generated by men against women, annulling the perspective of the casuistic analysis and special to each situation in particular, where the levels of vulnerability allow detailing that there are other factors that accredit situations of violence.
Linguistic Diversity: A Reason to be Proud or to be SocialExcluded? an Analysis from the Perspective of the Right toEquality
Currently, from the political, social and cultural field, the expression of equality and social inclusion is widely used, this term aims to vindicate the excluded minorities, including the indigenous populations, who, for many years, even centuries, were relegated to the status of second-class citizens. Based on this, the legislative and executive power have been proposing legal regulations as part of public policies that offer protection and shelter to these populations, aiming to reduce the inequality gap. Unfortunately, these attempts to generate the much-acclaimed «social inclusion» have been vanished by the lack of access to information of certain populations whose main characteristic is to speak an indiginous language; which implies a loss of opportunities in different areas necessary for human and social development.
Dignified Death: An Interpretation from Freedom and Dignity
Dignified death is not yet recognized as a fundamental right; the following ideas intend to provide some scope based on the people’s freedom and dignity as a basis to be incorporated to the catalog of rights and, therefore, their protection and facilitation from the State.
In this issue of Cuadernos Jurídicos Ius et Tribunalis, collaborations are delivered that address issues related to fundamental rights, family law, and the rights of children and adolescents. In the field of fundamental rights, it is dignified death and its lack of recognition in the legal system, as well as linguistic diversity, which allow us to have a current vision of the problems they hide for those who are in charge of legislative work. and conflict resolution. For their part, regarding family law, the collaborators give an account of sustained studies on the policies that the State has designed and implemented for the treatment of family violence, in addition to allowing us a vision of the work of the judge in matters related to the processes in which the nullity of the marriage is evident. In addition to this, there is the introductory work to the World Congress for the Rights of Children and Adolescents from the university, giving an account of its main characteristics, in addition to the topics that are addressed in such a recognized event. In this way, a product with special inclinations in the indicated branches is put to the reader’s consideration, allowing for interesting perspectives, not only doctrinal, but also of a procedural and jurisprudential nature.
Embezzlement in peruvian criminal legislation
In this essay, the author performs an extensive analysis of the characteristics of embezzlement, considering doctrinal, legislative, and jurisprudential approaches, both national and related, from historical aspects to those of a functional and practical nature. Thus, the implications of this criminal act are realized, from the decomposition of each of its elements.
SUNAT, a partner who could help to find indications in taxpayerswho may be committing money laundering crimes
This article will help to see the tools that SUNAT could use to find evidence in the profits, assets, and other benefits obtained illegally through the crime of money laundering.
The humanitarian visa for venezuelans in peru, similar to theperuvian case in argentina, analysis and comments
In this paper, a legal analysis of Venezuelan migration to Peru is carried out, the human rights to which migrants do not have access and the discrimination they suffer in their day-to-day lives by the population and the government itself with its public policies, specifically the implementation of the humanitarian visa, requested to Venezuelan migrants to enter Peruvian territory. For better understanding, the current Venezuelan case is compared with the Peruvian migration to the Argentine Republic during recent years.
Knowledge of the Law professional on the legal aspects of theclinical record in Mexico
As the years go by, the legal sciences evolve and adapt to new realities and social contexts, which look for people to interact and live in harmony with their peers, so it is essential to regulate human behavior and activity in each area of the law. In this article, a legal form of medicine, specifically, the clinical record, was studied that it’s originated from the medical care service between the health professional and the patient. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to establish the basic and legal aspects of the clinical file, the law professional must know, so that they can proceed legally on behalf of health users before the competent authority. To fulfill the objective of this research, a qualitative documentary methodology was used through a systematic review of the literature whence it was possible to establish the basic legal aspects of knowledge and interest to the lawyer, as well as the sanctions contemplated by Mexican legislation against physicians for mishandling the medical record.
When despotism is legalized, the law fails: a legal perspective
Two foreign economic groups have placed themselves in the national market due to a ministerial resolution of the year 2010, which allowed that only medical oxygen of 99% or 100% concentration could be used for human inhalation. However, in order to fulfill the production of such concentrations, the implements to be used are expensive and the national businessmen would not be able to provide enough quantities for their commercialization, especially in health centers. In the face of the crisis generated by the Covid-19 pandemics, where thousands of people have been affected, and the urgency of counting with enough oxygen tanks, many lives have been lost since the foreign businesses that commercialized it have been unable to cope with the demand, the Peruvian State has decided to emit an urgency decree that allows the use of oxygen of a concentration of 93% only for this year, thus letting national businesses to commercialize it again, which in turn has satisfied the evident demand of this product; nonetheless, once the crisis is over, this production will continue to be in the hands of foreign capitals.
The current context, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, has generated profound changes in the educational system and, to some extent, in the research system at all latitudes. However, as well as educators and students, researchers have managed to adapt to these new circumstances, which -even- has led to the identification of new spaces for the application of legal categories, so much so that attention has been drawn to new areas related to health, collective rights, as well as critical analysis of current tools and their ability to address the effects generated by the pandemic. In parallel to the aforementioned, legal tests have been able to see the light regarding the different matters of interest to the legal and general community, such as corruption, money laundering, and migration, the same that are presented in this new edition of “Cuadernos Jurídicas Ius et Tribunalis”. Corresponds - then - to thank our authors for their contributions, as well as the editorial staff for the effort made to put on screen a new number of this periodical publication of the Law School.
Smart-contracts and arbitration. An introduction
The author provides an adequate view of smart contract. However, it does not stop at defining this type of contract, as it warns of certain characteristics that must be taken into account to refine its functionality, in addition to identifying the advantages of arbitration in the resolution of disputes that arise in the execution of such legal acts, provided that a proper splice is achieved with this heterocompositive system.
The relative mutability, virus that attacks the body of the criminal clause. Does the mutability of the criminal clause cause its denaturation?
Article 1346 of the Civil Code gives the judge the possibility to reduce the sentence. Isn’t this a virus that attacks the body of the penal clause? In other words, what would be the point of agreeing on a penalty if, once the breach is noticed, the parties are involved in a cumbersome process in which they would have to show that the damages derived from the breach are indeed greater or less than the amount of the penal clause?